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Bial's test
Bial's test is a chemical test for the presence of pentoses. It is named after Manfred Bial, German Physician. The components include orcinol, hydrochloric acid, and ferric chloride. A pentose, if present, will be dehydrated to form furfural which then reacts with the orcinol to generate a colored substance. The solution will turn bluish and a precipitate may form. The solution shows two absorption bands, one in the red between Fraunhofer lines B and C and the other near the D line.〔Baldwin, E. and Bell, D.J., ''Cole's Practical Physiological Chemistry'', published by Heffer, Cambridge, 1955, page 189〕 An estimate of the relevant wavelengths can be made by referring to the Fraunhofer lines article.
==Composition==
Bial's reagent consists of 0.4g orcinol, 200 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 0.5 ml of a 10% solution of ferric chloride.〔Baldwin and Bell, page 189〕
Bial's test is used to distinguish pentoses from hexoses; this distinction is based on the color that develops in the presence of orcinol and iron (III) chloride. Furfural from pentoses gives a blue or green color. The related hydroxymethylfurfural from hexoses may give a muddy-brown or gray solution, but this is easily distinguishable from the green color of pentoses.
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